Indicators of Complexity and Over-Complexification in Global Food Systems

Global food systems have increased in complexity significantly since the mid-twentieth century, through such innovations as mechanization, irrigation, genetic modification, and globalization of supply chains. While complexification can be an effective problem-solving strategy, over-complexification cause environmental degradation lead to become increasingly dependent on external subsidies vulnerable collapse. Here, we explore a wide array evidence contemporary global systems, drawing data from Food Agriculture Organization elsewhere. We find that developed, emerging, least developed countries all followed trajectory complexification, but return investments for energy other system inputs declined—a key indicator over-complexification. are further along process than emerging countries. Recent agricultural developments, specifically introduction genetically modified crops, not altered this trend or improved into systems. Similarly, belonging “digital revolution” likewise accompanied by demands may exacerbate To reverse over-complexification, discuss strategies including innovation subtraction, agroecology, disruptive technology.